How to Say Approval in Different Languages

Approval is a word that expresses acceptance, agreement, permission, or a positive judgment. Whether someone is approving a plan, accepting a request, supporting an idea, or giving formal authorization, the meaning depends on the situation. Learning how to say approval in 70 different languages helps you understand how people communicate agreement and acceptance across cultures.

In everyday conversations, approval might mean liking someone’s decision or expressing support for their work. In professional settings, it can refer to permission granted by a manager, an organization, or a government authority. Some languages use one word for general agreement and another for official authorization, so choosing the right translation is important.

Understanding these differences can make your conversations, international correspondence, travel experiences, and language-learning activities more effective. It can also help you recognize the cultural nuances behind a simple expression of agreement.

Interesting Facts About Approval

  • Approval has several meanings. It can refer to permission, acceptance, agreement, endorsement, or a favorable opinion.
  • Context influences translation. A word used for approving a business proposal may differ from one used to express personal admiration.
  • Formal approval often has specialized vocabulary. Government offices, universities, and companies may use terms associated with authorization or official consent.
  • Approval and agreement are related but different. Agreeing with an opinion does not necessarily mean granting permission for an action.
  • Grammar affects how approval is expressed. Some languages use nouns, while others frequently express approval through verbs or complete phrases.
  • Pronunciation matters. A correctly translated word can still be misunderstood if its sounds or stress patterns are pronounced incorrectly.
  • Cultural context shapes communication. Approval may be expressed directly through words or indirectly through a response, gesture, or formal procedure.

What Does Approval Mean?

Approval means acceptance, permission, agreement, or a favorable judgment, depending on the context.

For example, a manager may give approval for an employee’s project, a parent may approve of a child’s decision, and a government department may grant approval for a construction plan.

The word has several common meanings:

  • Permission: Official authorization to do something.
  • Agreement: Acceptance of an idea, proposal, or decision.
  • Endorsement: Public or personal support for an action or viewpoint.
  • Positive judgment: A favorable opinion about someone’s behavior, work, or achievement.
  • Acceptance: Confirmation that a request or application meets the necessary requirements.

The distinction is important when translating approval into another language. A translation meaning permission may not communicate the same idea as one meaning admiration or support.

See also  How to Say Cilantro in Different Languages

Why Can Approval Have Different Translations?

The word approval does not have one universally interchangeable translation in every language. The most suitable expression depends on what is being approved and who is giving the approval.

  • Context: Approving an application is different from approving someone’s behavior.
  • Formality: Official documents generally require more formal vocabulary than everyday conversations.
  • Relationship: Personal encouragement may be expressed differently from a manager’s authorization.
  • Regional dialects: Speakers of the same language may use different words or phrases in different regions.
  • Grammar: Some languages use a noun equivalent to approval, while others naturally use a verb meaning to approve, accept, or authorize.
  • Cultural conventions: Politeness, indirectness, and professional etiquette can affect how agreement is communicated.
  • Written versus spoken language: A formal letter may use a different expression from an informal conversation.

For this reason, the translations below provide a general noun equivalent for approval wherever possible. Where a language has distinct terms for permission, agreement, or favorable opinion, the examples clarify the intended meaning.

Approval in 70 Different Languages

European Languages

European languages belong to several different language families, including Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Uralic languages. Although many have a recognizable equivalent for approval, the best choice depends on whether the meaning is official permission, agreement, or a positive opinion.

The following table focuses on common noun forms and uses each example sentence to demonstrate a practical context.

🌍 LanguageCountry/RegionTranslationPronunciationExample Sentence
EnglishInternationalApprovaluh-PROO-vuhlThe proposal received approval.
American English 🇺🇸United StatesApprovaluh-PROO-vuhlWe need approval before starting the project.
British English 🇬🇧United KingdomApprovaluh-PROO-vuhlThe plan received official approval.
Australian English 🇦🇺AustraliaApprovaluh-PROO-vuhlThe application is awaiting approval.
SpanishSpain, Latin AmericaAprobaciónah-proh-bah-SYOHNEl proyecto recibió aprobación. — The project received approval.
FrenchFrance, Belgium, CanadaApprobationah-proh-bah-SYOHNLe projet a reçu l’approbation. — The project received approval.
GermanGermany, AustriaZustimmungTSOO-shtim-moongWir brauchen Ihre Zustimmung. — We need your approval.
ItalianItaly, SwitzerlandApprovazioneap-proh-vah-TSYOH-nehIl progetto ha ricevuto l’approvazione. — The project received approval.
PortuguesePortugal, BrazilAprovaçãoah-proh-vah-SOWNGO projeto recebeu aprovação. — The project received approval.
DutchNetherlands, BelgiumGoedkeuringKHUT-kur-ingWe hebben goedkeuring gekregen. — We received approval.
SwedishSweden, FinlandGodkännandegoo-d-KEN-nan-dehVi fick ett godkännande. — We received an approval.
NorwegianNorwayGodkjenninggoo-CHEN-ingVi fikk godkjenning. — We received approval.
DanishDenmarkGodkendelsegoh-KEN-el-suhVi fik godkendelse. — We received approval.
FinnishFinlandHyväksyntäHÜ-väk-sün-täSaimme hyväksynnän. — We received approval.
IcelandicIcelandSamþykkiSAM-thih-keeVið fengum samþykki. — We received approval.
IrishIrelandFaomhadhFEE-vuhFuair muid faomhadh. — We received approval.
WelshWalesCymeradwyaethkuh-meh-rad-WY-ethCawsom gymeradwyaeth. — We received approval.
PolishPolandZatwierdzeniezah-tfyer-DZEH-nyehOtrzymaliśmy zatwierdzenie. — We received approval.
CzechCzechiaSchváleníSKHVAA-leh-neeProjekt získal schválení. — The project received approval.
SlovakSlovakiaSchválenieSKHVAA-leh-nyehProjekt získal schválenie. — The project received approval.
UkrainianUkraineСхваленняskh-VAH-len-nyaПроєкт отримав схвалення. — The project received approval.
RussianRussia and neighboring regionsОдобрениеuh-dah-BRYE-nee-yeПроект получил одобрение. — The project received approval.
RomanianRomania, MoldovaAprobareah-proh-BAH-rehProiectul a primit aprobare. — The project received approval.
HungarianHungaryJóváhagyásYOH-vah-hah-yahshMegkaptuk a jóváhagyást. — We received approval.
GreekGreece, CyprusΈγκρισηENG-kree-seeΤο έργο έλαβε έγκριση. — The project received approval.
BulgarianBulgariaОдобрениеoh-doh-BREH-nee-ehПроектът получи одобрение. — The project received approval.
CroatianCroatiaOdobrenjeoh-doh-BREH-nyehProjekt je dobio odobrenje. — The project received approval.
SerbianSerbia and neighboring regionsОдобрењеoh-doh-BREH-nyehПројекат је добио одобрење. — The project received approval.
SlovenianSloveniaOdobritevoh-doh-bree-TEVProjekt je dobil odobritev. — The project received approval.
LithuanianLithuaniaPatvirtinimaspah-tveer-tee-NEE-mahsProjektas gavo patvirtinimą. — The project received approval.
LatvianLatviaApstiprinājumsap-stee-pree-NAH-yoomsProjekts saņēma apstiprinājumu. — The project received approval.
EstonianEstoniaHeakskiitHEH-ahks-keetProjekt sai heakskiidu. — The project received approval.

English varieties: American, British, and Australian English

The word approval is the same in American, British, and Australian English. There is no need to invent separate translations for these varieties.

See also  How to Say Cigarettes in Different Languages

Differences usually arise from context and related vocabulary. For example, authorization may emphasize official permission, while endorsement often emphasizes support. The word sign-off is common in workplace contexts but is less suitable for formal legal writing.

Cultural notes

In formal European correspondence, words equivalent to approval, authorization, and consent may have distinct legal or administrative meanings. In German, for example, Zustimmung emphasizes agreement or consent, while Genehmigung is often used for official permission. The best translation depends on the document or conversation.

Read More: How to Say Attack in Different Languages

Asian Languages

Asia contains a wide range of language families, writing systems, and conventions for expressing acceptance. Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and South Asian languages may distinguish between approval as a favorable opinion and approval as formal authorization.

The translations below use common written forms and practical examples. Pronunciation guides are approximate; tones and language-specific sounds should be learned from reliable audio when possible.

🌍 LanguageCountry/RegionTranslationPronunciationExample Sentence
Mandarin ChineseChina, Taiwan, Singapore批准pīzhǔn这个项目获得了批准。— This project received approval.
CantoneseHong Kong, Guangdong批准pai1 zeon2個計劃獲得批准。— The plan received approval.
JapaneseJapan承認shōninその計画は承認されました。— That plan was approved.
KoreanSouth Korea, North Korea승인seung-in그 계획은 승인을 받았어요. — The plan received approval.
HindiIndiaस्वीकृतिsvee-kri-teeपरियोजना को स्वीकृति मिल गई। — The project received approval.
UrduPakistan, Indiaمنظوریmanzūrīمنصوبے کو منظوری مل گئی۔ — The project received approval.
BengaliBangladesh, Indiaঅনুমোদনonumodonপ্রকল্পটি অনুমোদন পেয়েছে। — The project received approval.
PunjabiPunjab, Pakistan and Indiaਮਨਜ਼ੂਰੀ / منظوریmanzūrīਇਸ ਯੋਜਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਮਨਜ਼ੂਰੀ ਮਿਲ ਗਈ। — This plan received approval.
GujaratiIndiaમંજૂરીman-ju-reeપ્રોજેક્ટને મંજૂરી મળી. — The project received approval.
MarathiIndiaमान्यताmānyatāप्रकल्पाला मान्यता मिळाली. — The project received approval.
TamilIndia, Sri Lanka, Singaporeஒப்புதல்opputhalதிட்டத்திற்கு ஒப்புதல் கிடைத்தது. — The plan received approval.
TeluguIndiaఆమోదంā-mō-damప్రాజెక్టుకు ఆమోదం లభించింది. — The project received approval.
KannadaIndiaಅನುಮೋದನೆanu-mō-daneಯೋಜನೆಗೆ ಅನುಮೋದನೆ ದೊರೆಯಿತು. — The project received approval.
MalayalamIndiaഅംഗീകാരംangeekāramപദ്ധതിക്ക് അംഗീകാരം ലഭിച്ചു. — The project received approval.
NepaliNepal, Indiaस्वीकृतिswee-kri-teeपरियोजनाले स्वीकृति पायो। — The project received approval.
SinhalaSri Lankaඅනුමැතියanumætiyaව්‍යාපෘතියට අනුමැතිය ලැබුණා. — The project received approval.
ThaiThailandการอนุมัติgaan anu-matโครงการได้รับการอนุมัติ — The project received approval.
VietnameseVietnamSự chấp thuậnsoo chap thoo-uhnDự án đã được chấp thuận. — The project was approved.
IndonesianIndonesiaPersetujuanper-se-tu-ju-anProyek itu mendapat persetujuan. — The project received approval.
MalayMalaysia, Brunei, SingaporeKelulusankuh-loo-loo-sanProjek itu mendapat kelulusan. — The project received approval.
Filipino/TagalogPhilippinesPag-aprubapag-ah-PROO-bahNakatanggap ng pag-apruba ang proyekto. — The project received approval.
BurmeseMyanmarအတည်ပြုချက်a-ti-pyu-chetစီမံကိန်းသည် အတည်ပြုချက်ရရှိခဲ့သည်။ — The project received approval.
KhmerCambodiaការអនុម័តkaa-roh-noo-mootគម្រោងនេះទទួលបានការអនុម័ត។ — This project received approval.
LaoLaosການອະນຸມັດgaan a-nu-matໂຄງການໄດ້ຮັບການອະນຸມັດ. — The project received approval.
MongolianMongoliaЗөвшөөрөлzöv-shöö-rölТөсөл зөвшөөрөл авсан. — The project received approval.
KazakhKazakhstanМақұлдауmah-kool-dowЖоба мақұлдау алды. — The project received approval.
UzbekUzbekistanMa’qullashmah-kool-lashLoyiha ma’qullandi. — The project was approved.
TurkishTürkiye, CyprusOnayoh-nyeProje onay aldı. — The project received approval.

Cultural notes

In several Asian languages, formal approval is often expressed through a noun or verb associated with authorization rather than a broad expression of liking.

See also  How to Say Cell Phone in Different Languages

In Japanese, 承認 (shōnin) commonly refers to formal recognition or approval, while 賛成 (賛成, sansei) means agreement or being in favor of something. In Mandarin, 批准 (pīzhǔn) is often appropriate for official authorization, while 赞同 (zàntóng) expresses agreement with an idea.

In South Asian languages, vocabulary may vary depending on whether the context involves government permission, organizational acceptance, or a favorable opinion. Urdu منظوری (manzūrī) is a useful general term, while the surrounding sentence clarifies the exact type of approval.

African Languages

Africa is home to hundreds of languages across several major language families. Words associated with approval can refer to agreement, acceptance, confirmation, or official authorization.

The examples below represent selected languages from different parts of the continent. Country and region labels indicate places where the language is used, not exclusive ownership of the language.

🌍 LanguageCountry/RegionTranslationPronunciationExample Sentence
SwahiliTanzania, Kenya, East AfricaIdhiniee-DHEE-neeMradi umepata idhini. — The project received approval.
AfrikaansSouth Africa, NamibiaGoedkeuringKHUT-kur-ingDie projek het goedkeuring gekry. — The project received approval.
ZuluSouth AfricaImvumeeem-VOO-mehIphrojekthi ithole imvume. — The project received approval.
XhosaSouth AfricaImvumeeem-VOO-mehIprojekthi ifumene imvume. — The project received approval.
AmharicEthiopiaፈቃድfe-qadፕሮጀክቱ ፈቃድ አግኝቷል። — The project received authorization.
YorubaNigeria, BeninÌfọwọ́síee-faw-SHEEIṣẹ́ náà gba ìfọwọ́sí. — The project received approval.
IgboNigeriaNkwadon-kwa-dohỌrụ ahụ nwetara nkwado. — The project received support or approval.
HausaNigeria, Niger, West AfricaAmincewaah-meen-CHEH-wahAn amince da aikin. — The project was approved.
SomaliSomalia, Djibouti, Horn of AfricaOggolaanshoog-go-LAAN-shoMashruucu wuxuu helay oggolaansho. — The project received approval.
ShonaZimbabweMvumom-VOO-mohChirongwa chakawana mvumo. — The project received approval.
SesothoLesotho, South AfricaTumellotoo-MEH-lohMorero o fumane tumello. — The project received approval.
SetswanaBotswana, South AfricaTetlaTEH-tlahPorojeke e bone tetla. — The project received approval.
KinyarwandaRwandaUruhushyaoo-roo-HOOSH-yahUmushinga wabonye uruhushya. — The project received authorization.
MalagasyMadagascarFankatoavanafan-kah-too-ah-VAH-nahNahazo fankatoavana ilay tetikasa. — The project received approval.

Cultural notes

Some African languages use terms that more directly convey permission or authorization, while others may emphasize support or acceptance. These meanings overlap in some contexts but should not be treated as identical in every situation.

For example, Swahili idhini is commonly associated with authorization or permission. In professional writing, the complete sentence and the specific type of decision help determine whether it is the best equivalent.

Middle Eastern Languages

The Middle East includes Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Kurdish, Turkish, and other distinct linguistic traditions. These languages have their own grammar and vocabulary, and even closely neighboring communities may use different expressions.

For Arabic in particular, the appropriate word may depend on whether the situation involves official authorization, agreement, or a favorable opinion. The table uses a general or formal equivalent where appropriate.

🌍 LanguageCountry/RegionTranslationPronunciationExample Sentence
Modern Standard ArabicMiddle East, North Africaموافقةmuwāfaqaحصل المشروع على الموافقة. — The project received approval.
Persian (Farsi)Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan with regional varietiesتأییدta’yidاین طرح تأیید شد. — This plan was approved.
HebrewIsraelאישורee-SHOORהפרויקט קיבל אישור. — The project received approval.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)Türkiye, Syria, Iraq, diasporaErêkirineh-reh-kee-rinProje erêkirin wergirt. — The project received approval.
ArmenianArmenia and diasporaՀավանությունha-va-noo-TYOONՆախագիծը հավանություն ստացավ։ — The project received approval.

Cultural notes

In Modern Standard Arabic, موافقة (muwāfaqa) can express agreement or approval, while تصريح (taṣrīḥ) can refer to a permit or authorization in particular contexts. Everyday spoken Arabic varies by region, so a local dialect may use a different expression.

In Persian, تأیید (ta’yid) is frequently used for confirmation or endorsement, whereas مجوز (mojavez) means a permit or authorization. In Hebrew, אישור (ishur) is a common term for approval or confirmation.

Other World Languages

Some languages are best grouped separately because they are associated with Oceania, the Americas, or international language learning rather than the regions above.

The following examples add further variety while retaining the distinction between approval, permission, and support.

🌍 LanguageCountry/RegionTranslationPronunciationExample Sentence
MāoriNew ZealandWhakaaetangafah-kah-ah-eh-TANG-ahI whiwhi whakaaetanga te kaupapa. — The project received approval.
SamoanSamoa, American SamoaFaamaonigafah-ah-maw-nee-ngahNa maua le faamaoniga mo le galuega. — Approval was received for the project.
TonganTongaFakangofuafah-kang-oh-FOO-ahNa maʻu e he polokalama ʻa e fakangofua. — The project received authorization.
HawaiianHawaiʻiʻAe ʻiaeye eh-EE-ahUa ʻae ʻia ka papahana. — The project was approved.
QuechuaAndes, especially Peru and BoliviaArí niyah-REE nyeeThe exact noun varies by Quechua variety; this phrase expresses agreement rather than formal authorization.
GuaraniParaguay and neighboring regionsÑemoneĩnyeh-moh-neh-EEThe exact wording depends on whether approval means agreement or official permission.
Haitian CreoleHaiti and diasporaApwobasyonah-proh-bah-SYONPwojè a te resevwa apwobasyon. — The project received approval.
EsperantoInternational constructed languageAproboah-PROH-bohLa projekto ricevis aprobon. — The project received approval.

Note on regional languages: Quechua and Guarani have important regional and dialect differences. The entries above do not provide a fully validated equivalent for every formal use of approval; for legal, official, or published translations, consult a fluent speaker familiar with the relevant variety. This is preferable to presenting an uncertain expression as a universal translation.

Quick Reference: Approval in Different Languages

Use this compact table to find the main equivalent quickly. The entries below summarize the translations introduced in the regional sections; where a language has several possible meanings, the word should be interpreted in context.

LanguageTranslation
EnglishApproval
American EnglishApproval
British EnglishApproval
Australian EnglishApproval
SpanishAprobación
FrenchApprobation
GermanZustimmung
ItalianApprovazione
PortugueseAprovação
DutchGoedkeuring
SwedishGodkännande
NorwegianGodkjenning
DanishGodkendelse
FinnishHyväksyntä
IcelandicSamþykki
IrishFaomhadh
WelshCymeradwyaeth
PolishZatwierdzenie
CzechSchválení
SlovakSchválenie
UkrainianСхвалення
RussianОдобрение
RomanianAprobare
HungarianJóváhagyás
GreekΈγκριση
BulgarianОдобрение
CroatianOdobrenje
SerbianОдобрење
SlovenianOdobritev
LithuanianPatvirtinimas
LatvianApstiprinājums
EstonianHeakskiit
Mandarin Chinese批准
Cantonese批准
Japanese承認
Korean승인
Hindiस्वीकृति
Urduمنظوری
Bengaliঅনুমোদন
Punjabiਮਨਜ਼ੂਰੀ / منظوری
Gujaratiમંજૂરી
Marathiमान्यता
Tamilஒப்புதல்
Teluguఆమోదం
Kannadaಅನುಮೋದನೆ
Malayalamഅംഗീകാരം
Nepaliस्वीकृति
Sinhalaඅනුමැතිය
Thaiการอนุมัติ
VietnameseSự chấp thuận
IndonesianPersetujuan
MalayKelulusan
Filipino/TagalogPag-apruba
Burmeseအတည်ပြုချက်
Khmerការអនុម័ត
Laoການອະນຸມັດ
MongolianЗөвшөөрөл
KazakhМақұлдау
UzbekMa’qullash
TurkishOnay
SwahiliIdhini
AfrikaansGoedkeuring
ZuluImvume
XhosaImvume
Amharicፈቃድ
YorubaÌfọwọ́sí
IgboNkwado
HausaAmincewa
SomaliOggolaansho
ShonaMvumo
SesothoTumello
SetswanaTetla
KinyarwandaUruhushya
MalagasyFankatoavana
Arabicموافقة
Persianتأیید
Hebrewאישור
Kurdish (Kurmanji)Erêkirin
ArmenianՀավանություն
MāoriWhakaaetanga
SamoanFaamaoniga
TonganFakangofua
HawaiianʻAe ʻia
Haitian CreoleApwobasyon
EsperantoAprobo

How to Choose the Right Translation

Choosing the correct translation of approval begins with identifying what kind of approval you mean.

  • For formal permission: Use the target-language term associated with authorization, permits, or official consent.
  • For a business proposal: Choose the word used for accepting or authorizing a plan, application, or request.
  • For agreement with an idea: Use a term meaning agreement or being in favor of something.
  • For personal approval: Consider whether you mean admiration, acceptance, or support.
  • For a written message: Use a more formal expression when writing to an institution, employer, or government office.
  • For conversation: Prefer a natural everyday expression rather than a technical administrative term.

Learning tip: When you are unsure, translate the entire sentence instead of translating the word approval in isolation. For instance, “The application received approval” may require a different construction from “I approve of your decision.”

For important legal, immigration, medical, or business documents, have the translation checked by a qualified language professional familiar with the relevant country and context.

Common Mistakes When Translating Approval

Translating approval can be challenging when a language uses different expressions for permission, agreement, and favorable opinion.

  • Translating word for word: A literal translation may be grammatically possible but unnatural in context.
  • Confusing approval with agreement: Someone can agree with a suggestion without having the authority to authorize it.
  • Ignoring formality: A casual expression may not be appropriate for an official letter.
  • Mixing regional forms: A word used in one dialect may not be the preferred expression in another.
  • Overlooking grammatical agreement: Some languages change words according to grammatical gender, number, or sentence structure.
  • Using inaccurate pronunciation: Mispronounced sounds or tones can make a translation difficult to understand.
  • Treating related words as identical: Words for confirmation, consent, permission, and endorsement may overlap without having exactly the same meaning.
  • Assuming one word works everywhere: A general translation may not be suitable for a legal contract or official application.

The best way to avoid these mistakes is to consider the full sentence, audience, purpose, and region before choosing a translation.

Why Learn Approval in Different Languages?

Learning how to express approval in different languages can make communication more effective in personal, educational, and professional situations.

  • Improve communication: Understand how to express acceptance, agreement, and permission.
  • Build vocabulary: Learn related words such as consent, authorization, endorsement, and acceptance.
  • Travel with confidence: Recognize important expressions when dealing with applications, services, and official procedures.
  • Understand cultural differences: See how different languages distinguish between support and formal approval.
  • Write better messages: Choose suitable wording for professional emails, applications, and everyday conversations.
  • Personalize communication: Use an appropriate expression when interacting with people who speak another language.
  • Develop language skills: Compare grammar, writing systems, pronunciation, and vocabulary across languages.

Learning a translation is a useful starting point, but understanding how it is used in a sentence makes it much more valuable.

FAQs:

1. How do you say approval in different languages?

Approval has different equivalents across languages. Examples include aprobación in Spanish, approbation in French, Zustimmung in German, 批准 (pīzhǔn) in Mandarin Chinese, منظوری (manzūrī) in Urdu, and موافقة (muwāfaqa) in Arabic.

2. What is the most natural translation of approval?

The most natural translation depends on the intended meaning. For general acceptance, use a word for approval or agreement. For official permission, choose the target-language term associated with authorization.

3. Can the translation of approval change by country?

Yes. Speakers of the same language may use different expressions depending on the country, dialect, or professional setting. This is particularly important for languages spoken across multiple regions.

4. Why do some languages have multiple translations for approval?

Approval can refer to permission, agreement, endorsement, or a favorable opinion. Languages may use separate words for these meanings, so one English word can correspond to several translations.

5. Is approval the same as permission?

Not always. Permission usually means being allowed to do something, while approval may also mean agreement, acceptance, or a positive judgment.

Conclusion:

Learning how to say approval in different languages reveals how languages express acceptance, permission, agreement, and support in different ways. Although many languages have a direct noun equivalent, the best translation depends on the situation. A word appropriate for approving an official application may not be the right choice for expressing support for a friend’s decision.

1 thought on “How to Say Approval in Different Languages”

Leave a Comment